Slavery and the American Revolution Research Paper

Slavery and the American Revolution - Research Paper Example There were however major regional variations in the numbers of slaves held in the United States. In the northern states, the slave population was very low at only 2 percent but the further south you got the larger the slave population got such that around the Chesapeake Bay it was about 40 percent slave. Further south, in South Carolina, slaves were so many that they outnumbered the white population by two to one. Slaves were an invaluable form of labor on the rice, tobacco and cotton farms especially as they were hardy and survived the vagaries of malaria and other diseases. Slaves thus formed the major labor resource for the southern farmers (Smitha, 2002). Especially in the south, there was a lot of integration of the populations of the white farmer families. There were large numbers of intermarriages between the white slave owners and their African slaves, as well as a lot of fathering of inter-racial children by the white slave masters. This lead to a large population of mixed r ace Americans that were usually considered part of the slave class. By the time of the American Revolution, the slave population had therefore grown to such a number that they were a real and present factor in the American Revolution war (Smitha, 2002). ... All in all over 100,000 African Americans escaped, died or were killed while serving the various armies that fought in the revolution war (PBS, n.d.). During the war the African American slaves fought on both sides of the divide, albeit for different motivations, reasons and reward. The Southern states Patriots, who were always worried about the numbers of the slaves and African Americans, were initially more reluctant to allow the slaves to be armed and fight alongside their forces, reckoning that they would rather face the colonialists than run the risk of a revolt by their slaves if they were armed and put into active military combat. General Washington at first forbade the recruitment of the black slaves into the Patriot army, worried by the impact that would have on their attitudes, the moral of his other fighting men and their ability to fight and be part of the military outfit. However, as the war wore on and they Patriots found that they needed more and more manpower, they re luctantly startedrecruiting the slaves and other blacks who had been freedinto their fold, though none ever rose up any ranks in the military hierarchy. Thus the Patriots had within their ranks a small minority of slaves in their ranks but it was never more than 5 per cent or so (National Park Service, 2008). The colonialists and Loyalists were more pragmatic in their approach to the use of slaves as part of their combat troops in the war. They saw the opportunity to deplete the Patriot military ranks by actively recruiting the slaves from their Patriot owners. The effect and impact of this was twofold – it swelled the ranks of the Loyalist troops while at the same time reducing the manual labor available for the southern Patriot farmers. The British governor of Virginia,

Assignment on Hr Promotion & Transfer Essay Example for Free

Assignment on Hr Promotion Transfer Essay Flippo †A promotion involve a change from one job to another that is better in term of and responsibility† Chruden and Sherman†A promotion involves a change of assignment from a job of a lower level to one of level with in the organization† Dale Yoder†Promotion is defined as a movement to a position in which in which responsibility and prestige are increased† Pigors and myers â€Å"Promotion is the advantage of an employee to a better job better in term of gather responsibilities more prestige and status gather skill and specially increased of pay or salary†. Employer to support employee higher position, sales, duties, response everything increased is as well as employees enjoy self-determination, (a)progress (b)preferment (c)promotion (d) position Promotions are used to fill the positions which are more important to fill rather than the present position of employee. It can be filled by external recruitment but employees having eligibility and experience must be appointed for their motivation. Also it will decrease labour turn over as external recruitment costs more. Also increase in salary and status will increase job satisfaction. When scale of pay is increased without changing job it is called  up-gradation  and promotion involves changes in job as well as high salary. When higher position is given without change in salary it is known as  Dry Promotion. All these,  Promotion Up-Gradation and Dry Promotion  are used by management to increase morale of employee and as giving reward also. Promotion means the employee present position to superior position . more obviously promotion is the association to the higher position where more responsibility and more power exits with more occurrence. In the higher position, sales, duties, response everything increased is as well as employees enjoy self-determination. The advancement of an employee within a  company  position  or  job  tasks. A job promotion may be the  result  of an  employees  proactive  pursuit of a higher ranking or as a  reward  by  employers  for good  performance. Typically is also  associated  with a higher  rate  of  pay  or  financial  bonus. In terms of a career, a promotion refers to the advancement of an employees rank or position in a hierarchical structure. A

Investigation of the cereal bar market

Investigation of the cereal bar market This article contains an investigation of cereal bar market and gives a feasibility report at the end. At the beginning, backgrounds of Kellogg Company and cereal bar market are given. After this, it shows cereal bar is at the stage of maturity in a product life cycle in the UK. And it did not performance well in latest two years. But in the worldwide, it still increases stable. Next, a SWOT analysis and a PEST analysis have been done to analyse the market environment in China. According to the results of analysis, target market for cereal bars in Chinese market has been chosen. The target market is young women from 15 to 35 in cities. The life style of these people just matches the request of cereal bars. Additionally, the competition in China has analysed, there are some barriers of entering Chinese market indeed. However, there are some competitive advantages of All-around cereal bars. At the end, a marketing strategy and a feasibility report have been made. 2. Product The product I chose is cereal bar. The snack market is hotly competed these years. The most customers of cereal bars is adults. They eat cereal bars as a snack between meals. Compared to many other snake products, such as cakes, nuts and chocolate, the cereal bar market is still small indeed, but it grows rapidly .(Mintel, 2010)The reason why the market is still small is that it only attract a small group of customers, most of them are loyal customers. This industry has a increase of 29.6% from 2005 to 2009. (Mintel, 2010) The position that many brands choose for cereal bar is wholesome and natural. The competitors which choose the same position are other healthy snacks such as nuts, fruits and fruit smoothies. All of these have steady growth because of the trend towards healthy diet. Cereal bar to the moment accords with this trend. But cereal bar has not been separate from a series of snake bars such as highly processed bars and chocolate bars. Thus the healthy position has been influenced negatively by the other high sugar and fat snakes. Kellogg Company is a multinational company from American founded in 1906. The main products of Kellogg are breakfast foods, snack foods, cookies, and crackers. It also manufactures ready-to-eat cereals and convenience foods including toaster pastries, cereal bars, fruit snacks and veggie foods. These products are produced in 19 countries and distribute in more than 180 countries all over the world. Kellogg achieved revenues of $12,822 million in 2008 which had an increase of 8.9% over last year. Kelloggs cereal products are a part of the Kelloggs brand, and are sold mainly in the retail terminal such as supermarket and grocery. The company uses broker and distribution arrangements for certain products in less-developed market areas.(MarketLine, 2009) 3. Situation Analysis in the UK In 2008 and 2009 the interest in healthy eating have decrease. During this time, comfort eating appears to gain more popularity. However, a minority still insist on eating natural and healthy food, it could be an opportunity for cereal bars. The cereal bars market for children has been affected because of advertising regulations and packed lunches at school as school classifying cereal bars as confectionery.(Mintel,2010) Therefore, the market of cereal bars is not so optimistic. Cereal bar in the UK is at the stage of maturity, because as shown in the Mintel 2010 the growth slows down from 2005 to 2009 although it still growing. The stage at which a products sales growth slows down is known as maturity.(Elizabeth,HTerry,O.S.,1996) Hence if the firm do not try to attract customers, there will be no further net increase in the size of the market. Kelloggs hold approximately one third of the cereal bars market. Combining with the share of United Biscuits it is up to nearly a half. (Mintel, 2010) For the market of Europe, it accounted for 20.4% as total revenues in 2008 which reached $2,619. It increased 11.1% than 2007. (MarketLine, 2009) The UK has a great market of snacks. As a kind of snack cereal bars are very popular. From the report, two thirds of adults who eat cereal bars and snacking has gained more prominence since 2007. Snacking is most popular among young group, at two third 15-24-year-olds, declining with age. More than half of the families which have children under ten have snack between meals. These factors shows there are some potential markets in the UK. The users of cereal bars are generally holding a positive view of the products, however only one fifth of them think it worth its value and less than half satisfied with it. But in the UK, the company didnt work well. The turnover has decreased from the GBP 138.065 in 2006 to the GBP 116.394 in 2008.The current ratio was 0.44 in 2008 and it has fallen from 0.48 in 2007. (Fame,2009)It may affect by tringent regulations and exposure to foreign exchange risk. Overall, this industry still has good prospect in worldwide. 4. Market Environment in China a) Application of Tools SWOT analysis The strengths of cereal bars are high recognition, innovation of products and strong financial support. Firstly, Kellogg is a successful international brand, so it will be easy to popularize a new brand under it. Secondly, the company has innovation process so that it can guarantee the quality of its products and improve the formula to satisfy Chinese customers. Lastly, the company is lucrative, so it can give strong financial support to Chinese market. The weaknesses are the high price of the products and may do not accord with Chinese taste. Due to the high cost and import tax, the price of the products will be higher than the other local brands. Additionally, Chinese people have their own eating habit, they eat cereal as a kind of main source to acquire energy and protein. Thus cereal is only eaten in meals but not between meals. The opportunity is peoples increasing awareness of the healthy diet. With the increase of income, people pay more attention to nutrition of food. The Chinese savory snacks market grew by 6.5% in 2008 to reach a value of $3 billion and it is forecast to have a value of $4 billion in2013, an increase of 30.7% since 2008(Marketline, 2009). The threats are stringent regulations in China and exposure to foreign exchange risk. Because some events of food occurred in China these years, the government strict checks import products quality. The exposure to foreign exchange risk is a risk that every company will face when they want to enter another country. (Salah, S.H. Roger, D.B., 1994) PEST analysis In political, UK and China have a good relationship. Benefit from Hong Kong, the two countries trade more frequently. But China will check import food from UK strictly because the UK treat import from China like this. In economic, Chinas GDP has an average annual rate of 9.6% from 1979 to 2005 and the import grew by 17.6% to $660 billion in 2005(Wayne, M. M., 2006). In social, since China has a 5000-year history, the society and relationship are more complicated, so foreign companies will face difficulties to enter Chinese market. Last in technology, although technology is progressing rapidly in China, China still welcomes foreign companies introduce their advanced technology into China. b) Target Market Young children and young women are the mains consumer groups of snakes. The target market which I choose is young women from 15 to 35 in cities. Because young people in this age like to accept new things by the influence of western culture. Some 57% of adults say that there are not enough hours in the day to do everything they would like (Mintel, 2009), sometimes they do not have time to have meals. Eating cereal bars can they gained energy, vitamins and protein and girls will not worry about get fat choosing these. It is a business-to-consumer business that the cereal bars will be sold in retail terminals such as supermarket and convenient store. 5. Competition in China Since cereal bars can be seen as both a kind of snack and a kind of breakfast, it has direct and indirect competition. Here can use Porters Five Forces to explain it. Snacks market in China is highly scattered. The main buyers in China are independent retailers and they have strong buyer power. Because of the level of market players suppliers become disadvantage groups. Entering Chinese market means competing with other overseas companies and large local companies. As many players sell similar product, competition is so fierce in such market environment. Every company wants a larger market share (Marketing, 2010). As to the cereal breakfast market, the market is fragmented too. There are three leading companies which accounting 40% of the total market value. Cereal Partners Worldwide controlled the breakfast cereals market in China. The predominant buyers are supermarkets and hypermarkets. The bigger the shop is, the more bargaining power it will have. As there are many similar products it has to face the threat of substitutes. Many people still prefer Chinese traditional food. As the same as in the snack market, the speed growing market attract many new entrants (Marketing, 2009). The main competitors of snacks are PepsiCo and Calbee Foods. PepsiCo generated revenues of $43.2 billion in 2008, an increase of 9.6% over 2007. Calbee Foods generated revenues of $1.1 billion in 2009, an increase of 3.6% over 2008. The main competitors of cereal breakfast are Cereal Partners Worldwide (CPW), PepsiCo and Standard Food Corporation. CPW entered the Chinese breakfast cereals market in 2004. The company operates a manufacturing facility in the city of Tianjin. CPW markets its breakfast cereals in China under the brand Que Cao.(Marketing, 2009) Standard Foods operates its business in China through Shanghai Standard Foods Co., Ltd. The company is headquartered in Taiwan and has 2,388 employees. (Marketing, 2009) 6. Competitive Advantage of All-around There are many strengths of cereal bar. Firstly, cereal bars are filled with high fibre, high protein, low fat and low cholesterol, which is a kind of well-balanced food. Comparing with some traditional Chinese food, such as deep-fried dough sticks, Chinese doughnut and spring roll, cereal bars are healthier that especially suitable to those people who want to lose weight or keep fit. Additionally, cereal bars have various kinds of flavours, and some new flavours add chocolate, fruit and nuts to them, which make cereal bars more delicious, take children fancy and expand their customers. Customers can find a flavour they like easily in All-around. Last but not the least, cereal bars are small and easy to carry, so they are a type of convenience snakes for people. People can put some cereal bars in their bags, they do not need a place and worry about figure when people eat them. According to the forecast report of the convenience foods market in China 2010, traditional life style has being changed in peoples daily life, especially among the young people. Due to the sustained and rapid development of economy and sustained acceleration of life tempo, cereal bars will become a new tendency in peoples daily life. 7. Barriers to Entry in China Many people believe that the market of import food is broad, not only because that the potential market is huge, but also because that it is blessed with a sharply increasing trend. In addition, the reasons are that the price is not transparent and the price rate is relatively higher than similar domestic products which also prove the potentiality of import food. On the contemporary, the economy of China has developed greatly. Therefore peoples requests for food also climb up to a higher level. For instance, people tend to eat healthier food instead of junk food. There are two main barriers which has limited the entry of cereal bar into market of china. One is homogenization of markets. It is mainly shown that it lack of market segmentation. In detail, cereal bars aim to attract customers who have middle or high income. Varieties of products from different companies try to seize the same group of customers, which results in that the diversity becomes not apparent. (Hamish, P Marjorie, T., 2001)The other one is homogenization of products. The products from different places have similar sorts and taste. The import food industry in China is facing five challenges in further development. The first is food safety problem, which plays an important part in the development quality of Chinese import food industry. The second is food nutrition and health, which is depended on the development level of Chinese food industry. The third is the creativity, which depends on the characteristic and price of Chinese import food. The fourth is the multi-level distribution and the professional tendency, which bring Chinese import food industry lasting competitiveness. The last one is concern on energy saving and environmental protection, which will make a positive influence on the sustainable involvement of Chinese food industry in future. In recent years, not only the milk powder event of Nescafe, but also the poisoned wine of Argentina has demonstrated the importance of food safety problem. Chinese authority has tried to defend the low quality import food. Furthermore, it is noticeable that China has cooperated with American food society. Under the consequence, several excellent food companies have entered China, and accounted for partial market. Therefore, the barriers to enter China should be paid more attention. It will be a difficult first step for All-around. 8. Marketing Strategy Based on All-around well-known U.S. company, its products mainly for the convenience of healthy and nutritious food, and never entered into the Chinese market before. Therefore, the company will be ready to use market research, product improvement, marketing, promotion strategies, public relations and advertising media and other marketing strategies into China with the brand All-around. 4Ps analysis: Product: As the Americans and the Chinese people have different tastes, just entering the Chinese market in the process, All-around will be continuously analyzed for Chinese tastes and improve the products after understanding the Chinese market and Chinese consumers. Only products meet the market demand, All-around can capture the market. Price: All-around based on the brand and the cost of entering China, as entering the Chinese market it will choose the same product pricing system, such as Nestle product price. But the All-around will be slightly higher than local price of the same products, making All-around product different from the same kinds of products in China. (Salah, S.H. Roger, D.B., 1994) Place: After the analysis of the Chinese food market, such convenience food can be sell in major and medium-sized supermarket, for example Carrefour, Tesco and other large supermarkets. In order for our target customers with marketing and market research, All-around will be selected in the Chinese mainland cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, sold in supermarkets. Promotion: The target group of All-around is young women, students and office workers. Such people work longer and have irregular diet. This just may reflect the advantages of All-around products, not only to facilitate consumption, but also with nutrition. Therefore, All-around chooses the first target to such customers for product promotion. January 2011 All-around first enter the Chinese market: products formally entered large supermarkets of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou Carrefour, Tesco February 2011 All-around use of public relations advertising exposure, promotional products. Let people know All-around product. March 2011 All-around with the pre-advertising promote to sell. Send sales staff in the supermarket counter, try to eat free of charge to potential customers. In April 2011 in the early process, All-around begin the initial pilot studies to understand customer satisfaction, consumer tastes, and price evaluation. And organized activities for small prizes will pre-purchase All-around maintenance of consumer products and consumers being investigated. In May 2011 with the Chinese custom of the Labour Day holiday to take a substantial promotional activities, strive for during the festive season so that more potential consumers about All-around product. 2011 June-July All-around to adjust the products taste, and randomly selected survey of potential consumers of food tastes August-September 2011 At this point, the official summer holiday period the students, All-around will take a new round of promotional activities, for students to accept the All-around product. October 2011 October is National Day, All-around Chinas National Day will be organized with the objective of consumers visit the All-around production base, so that consumers understand the products production process and food safety systems. All-around makes consumers create brand loyalty. 2011 Nov-Dec All-around to organize new products into the Chinese market, and carry out public relations advertising, as do the traditional Chinese Lunar New Year holiday early preheating. January-February 2012 in the mainstream media do the brand image advertising, a good brand image. And strive to be traditional Chinese festivals the CCTV Spring Festival Gala sponsors, so that Chinese consumers can understand the All-around Hold from March to July 2012 All-around into the campus activities, with the Education Bureau in the efforts to All-around a campus partner, the product on the students breakfast, and teach nutrition. From August to December 2012 establish a large sales base, so that All-around products can capture the Chinese market. From January to June 2013 the Foundation set up health and nutrition of food through the extensive media coverage for the All-around brand to promote. July-December 2012, the introduction of All-around excellent product in the United States to China, and the appropriate raise product prices, occupy the Chinese market 9. Conclusion The product I chose to launch in China is cereal bars. I named the new brand as All-around, one meaning is that it contains full of nutrition. Another meaning suggests customers can enjoy it anywhere and anytime. From the background of Kellogg, it can be seen that the company has generous profits and a series of products. Cereal bars as a new product will easy to enter Chinese market because the strong brand of Kellogg. The position of cereal bars is convenient and high fibre but low fat. And the target market is young women from 15 to 35 because their life step is fast and attention to keep figure. However, there are some barriers for entering Chinese market. Similar market and similar products can not make All-around stand out from other product. Chinese government has formulated more strict rules to restrict import food. In order to launch All-around to Chinese market successfully, a three-year programming have been made in part 8. These are specific and achievable marketing strategies. 10. Recommendations From the research All-around cereal bars can be launched in China. Firstly, there is a potential market which can suit the target market of All-around. The nutritional value of cereal bars just meets the pursuit of a healthy diet of young people. And cereal food can be accepted by Chinese customers. Secondly, the competitors in Chinese market are not too much. It can highlight its technical advantages comparing with other small local companies. And as this reason, it does not need to reduce price to gain more market. Thirdly, the Chinese snacks market is growing rapidly. The compound annual growth rate of the market is predicted to be 5.5% in the period 2008-2013. (Marketline, 2009) As a new product, it will have high profits after introduction when it is in the product life-cycle of growth (Kotler, P. Armstrong, G., 1993). Lastly, the company has a well-known brand, as a new brand in the family-brand. The advantage is that the cost of introducing will be less benefit from the recognition and preference of the family name. (Kotler, P. Armstrong, G., 1993)

Breaking Out and Stepping Up Essay -- Literary Analysis, I just Wanna

In the stories, I Just Wanna To Be Average, by Mike Rose and The Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodrigez, a timeline of their educational progress is exposed. Both are the offspring of minimally educated immigrant parents. Who’s families settled into the working-class of California. Without having their parents as scholastic role models, Rose and Rodriguez had to find their own way through the education systems. Despite the lack of supportive social conditions, both Rodriguez and Rose were inspired to surpass the status quo expectations environmentally bestowed upon them. Mike Rose, who wrote I Just Wanna Be Average, started his schooling with a bleak future. His lower class immigrant parents hoped that sending their son to Our Lady Mercy would put him on the track to success and surpass all of his family member’s level of education. Rose shares, â€Å"No one in the family had gone to college; only two of my uncles had completed high school† (166). Unfortunately, Rose ended up in the vocational program. A program that groomed students, not for college, but to better assimilate into the working-class. The vocational track is one that does not pave the way for a bright future. Its graduating class is comprised of underachievers who lack motivation and have no desire to get ahead. The same could be said about Mercy’s staff. Rose paints a picture of his educators by mentioning, â€Å"Civics was taken over by a football coach who had trouble reading the textbook aloud --and reading aloud was the centerpiece for his pedagogy† (163). Surrounded by stubbornly dense students, and less then enthusiastic teachers Mike Rose seemed to not have a chance. Much like Rose did not have the support of an educated role model within his school pr... ... shaped him, Rodriguez explains, †Without extraordinary determination and the great assistance of others --at home and at school -- there is little chance for success† (197). Being able to take the lack of support from his family and be grateful for the roll it played in his personal quest for knowledge is something to be admired. Although coming from different backgrounds, Mike Rose and Richard Rodriguez share a similar passion and lust for knowledge. They both used inspirations and determination to break out of a mold their family history created. Even though their means to academic success differed, the character gained from their individual experiences allowed for a change. Luckily both of these stories have a happy ending. One where both the â€Å"average joe† and the â€Å"scholarship boy† can overcome preconceived expectations and become who they want to become.

12 Angry Men Prejudice Essay Essay

What is Justice? Justice is a concept of moral rightness based on ethics; rationality, law, religion or fairness, as well as taking into account the inborn rights of all human beings and citizens, the right of all people and individuals to equal protection before the law of their civil rights, without discrimination. Justice is one of the great concerns of humankind. It is something for which people over centuries have been willing to struggle and even die. Examples of Justice are novels 12 Angry Men and The Green Mile. 2 Angry Men is a novel written by Reginald Rose in 1955. The story takes place in 1957 in the jury-room of a New York Court of Law. It is about a young delinquent who is on trial for the murder of his aggressive farther. Eleven jurors are directed by the judge to gather on a hot afternoon to declare if there is any reasonable doubt as to why the boy is not guilty. One, even though far from convinced of the boy’s innocence, feels that some of the evidence against him is ambiguous. By the end of the day that juror has reversed opinions of all eleven jurors. Prejudice: There are many significant views and values that Reginald Rose demonstrates in 12 Angry Men the most important one being that prejudice constantly affects the truth and peoples judgement. As the jurors argue between themselves as to whether a young boy is guilty of stabbing his father it is shown that â€Å"It’s very hard to keep personal prejudice out of a thing like this. † This is most evident in the way juror #3 and juror #10 come to their decision that the young man is guilty as they bring in there prejudice against young people and people from the slums to make their judgement without considering the facts of the case. Rose uses juror #8 who can see the whole trial because he is calm, reasonable and brings no prejudice as a prime example of what a juror is supposed to be like. Juror #10 is the character who brings in the most prejudice to the jury room as he has formed his decision from the moment he saw the young boy and sees no reason for him to waste any time debating on whether the defendant is guilty. His prejudice comes from the fact he used to live in the â€Å"slums† and consider people like the defendant to be trash. This is established when he states â€Å"you can’t believe a word they say†¦they act different†¦ they don’t need any big excuse to kill someone. † Juror #10 never really considers the facts of the case only using them as a pretext to vote guilty and to leave early. When he found it too difficult to change people’s opinions he simply gave up and voted not guilty. â€Å"I couldn’t care less†. This shows just how little he cared for the defendant’s life and the jury system unlike juror #3 who deeply cared about the jury system and the case.

Coca-Cola Is Everything: SCM, CRM, Collaboration, You Name It

If we told you that Coca-Cola has operating units in 50 countries around the world, you probably wouldn’t be surprised. If we told you that Coca-Cola had been in business for almost 125 years, you probably wouldn’t be surprised. So, you tell us†¦ how many different beverages does Coca-Cola produce? 100? 500? 2,000? Are you surprised yet? Worldwide, Coca-Cola produces an amazing 2,800 different beverages.When an organization is that big, has that sort of worldwide presence, and boasts what is perhaps the most well-known brand ever, you can bet that a multitude of IT systems are constantly churning in the background, not only keeping the organization running, but also keeping in running ahead of the competition. To support internal collaboration efforts, Coke created something it calls its Common Innovation Framework, a Web-based system that combines project management capabilities with business intelligence.Using the Innovation Framework, anyone from any of the oper ating units worldwide can search for, find, and apply concepts, strategies, development successes, and marketing approaches that have been used elsewhere in the organization. For example, when introducing Georgia teas in Australia, the Coke people Down Under can research what marketing strategies worked well in related countries such as New Zealand.As Jean-Michel Ares, Coke CIO, explains it, â€Å"Once you’ve aggregated that pipeline of innovation, the object is to assess and prioritize the best allocation of resources in the organization. † Beyond internal employees, Coke is reaching out with new and innovative IT steps. Recently, it rolled out a new line of software services based on hundreds of business processes to its extended family of bottlers. These software services each perform a specific common business function and run within SAP's ERP software and are delivered by Coke's IBM-hosted data centers.The goal is to create a standardized business and technology p latform across all Coke bottlers, most of which are independent franchises. (There are some partly owned by Coke. ) If Coke and all its bottlers are speaking the same language, so to speak, and using the same technology, then supply chain management applications will be more efficiently streamlined. Standardization in this case equates to saving money by reducing expenses associated with supply chain activities.And even beyond its extended family of bottlers, Coke is using technology to create loyalty and engage more with its customers. Its award-winning Web site, My Coke Rewards at www. mycokerewards. com, is the second most popular consumer packaged-goods site, behind only www. kraftfoods. com. My Coke Rewards attracts some 300,000 visitors per day. Offering everything from magazine subscriptions to electronics as prices (just look under the cap), My Coke Rewards has reconnected Coke with its loyal drinkers.The site has teamed up with pop culture crazes such as American Idol, socc er, and auto racing to bring even more customers into the fold. You can even find Coke-labeled songs through iTunes. 1) Describe the various IT-enabled initiatives discussed in this case study. 2) Describe two different forms of e-collaboration in this case study. For each, articulate the benefits to Coke. 3) What sort of business intelligence could Coke gather from its My Coke Rewards Web site? How could it use this information for customer relationship management activities? Coca-Cola Is Everything: SCM, CRM, Collaboration, You Name It If we told you that Coca-Cola has operating units in 50 countries around the world, you probably wouldn’t be surprised. If we told you that Coca-Cola had been in business for almost 125 years, you probably wouldn’t be surprised. So, you tell us†¦ how many different beverages does Coca-Cola produce? 100? 500? 2,000? Are you surprised yet? Worldwide, Coca-Cola produces an amazing 2,800 different beverages.When an organization is that big, has that sort of worldwide presence, and boasts what is perhaps the most well-known brand ever, you can bet that a multitude of IT systems are constantly churning in the background, not only keeping the organization running, but also keeping in running ahead of the competition.To support internal collaboration efforts, Coke created something it calls its Common Innovation Framework, a Web-based system that combines project management capabilities with business intelligence. Using the Innovation Framework, anyone from any of the oper ating units worldwide can search for, find, and apply concepts, strategies, development successes, and marketing approaches that have been used elsewhere in the organization.For example, when introducing Georgia teas in Australia, the Coke people Down Under can research what marketing strategies worked well in related countries such as New Zealand. As Jean-Michel Ares, Coke CIO, explains it, â€Å"Once you’ve aggregated that pipeline of innovation, the object is to assess and prioritize the best allocation of resources in the organization.†Beyond internal employees, Coke is reaching out with new and innovative IT steps. Recently, it rolled out a new line of software services based on hundreds of business processes to its extended family of bottlers. These software services each perform a specific common business function and run within SAP's ERP software and are delivered by Coke's IBM-hosted data centers.The goal is to create a standardized business and technology pla tform across all Coke bottlers, most of which are independent franchises. (There are some partly owned by Coke.) If Coke and all its bottlers are  speaking the same language, so to speak, and using the same technology, then supply chain management applications will be more efficiently streamlined. Standardization in this case equates to saving money by reducing expenses associated with supply chain activities.And even beyond its extended family of bottlers, Coke is using technology to create loyalty and engage more with its customers. Its award-winning Web site, My Coke Rewards at www.mycokerewards.com, is the second most popular consumer packaged-goods site, behind only www.kraftfoods.com.My Coke Rewards attracts some 300,000 visitors per day. Offering everything from magazine subscriptions to electronics as prices (just look under the cap), My Coke Rewards has reconnected Coke with its loyal drinkers. The site has teamed up with pop culture crazes such as American Idol, soccer, and auto racing to bring even more customers into the fold. You can even find Coke-labeled songs through iTunes.1) Describe the various IT-enabled initiatives discussed in this case study. 2) Describe two different forms of e-collaboration in this case study. For each, articulate the benefits to Coke. 3) What sort of business intelligence could Coke gather from its My Coke Rewards Web site? How could it use this information for customer relationship management activities?

Millers Tale Essays

Millers Tale Essays Millers Tale Paper Millers Tale Paper We learn from the Millers portrait that his mouth as great as a greet forneys and he tells synne and noriotries. We know from this that the Miller will be telling a crude story and using crude language, not a romance. We also know that the Miller is lower class and has more brawn than brains. This shows he will be telling an obscene story of how he perceives reality, which is likely to be about lust and adultery, as in all fabliaus. In the beginning of the prologue the Miller has already insulted the host by disrupting the social harmony. He has also offended the Reeve, whose job is a carpenter. Traditionally there was a rivalry between Millers and carpenters. This makes the tale more suited to the Miller as he sets out to offend the Reeve. The Millers offensive character shows through in this offensive tale. We see from the prologue that the Miller has a thumb of gold meaning that he steels some of the flour that he grindes for the local people. This shows how dishonest and devious the Miller is. This makes him well suited to tell the tale as it is all about dishonesty and lack of trust and loyalty. The tale is about adultery and the miller believes that all women are adulterous and tells the Reeve that He who hath no wife, he is no cokewold. In the tale we were told that John was jealous and heeld hire narwe in cage. This shows that John has similar views to those of the Miller because he cannot trust his wife. The Miller is uneducated and sets out to offend Nicolas who is clever and educated. This is why in the end Nicolas is punished by being scalded in the towte. Absolon is also attracted because he is effeminate. This miller dislikes effeminate men because he himself is very masculine. Absolon is also punished because he falls for Alisons trick and he hath kist hir nether ye. Although all these points show that the Miller is suited to this tale, there are some critics that believe that this tale was too intellectual for the miller. The miller includes a cameo role for himself as the knave Robin. But some critics argue that he was not intelligent enough to think of this. He also wouldnt have been able to think of using the word hende ironically when talking about Nicolas. Even though this tale is a fabliau, there are some conventions of a romance, such as the long portraits of Alison and Absolon. We also see these conventions when Abslon is trying to win over Alison and he calls her Darling and my sweetest bird. Yet the Miller would not be clever enough to know how to import these conventions into the fabliau. In the Millers prologue we are told that Oure hooste saugh that he was dronke of ale. Because the Miller was in such a drunken state critics argue that he wouldnt have been able to remember every little detail of the tale and that he would have not been in any state to tell it in rhyming couplets. Over all I think that this fabliau is well suited to its teller because both the story, and the Millers thoughts on life are obscene and rude. The tale is told by the Miller who things that all women are dishonest and easy, which is how women and relationships and portrayed in the tale. MIllers tale Essays MIllers tale Paper MIllers tale Paper Courtly Love in Chaucer and Marie de France In his The Millers Tale Chaucer presents a side of the courtly love tradition never seen before. His characters are average middle class workers rather than elite nobility. There is an interesting comparison between the Millers characters and those in two of Marie de Frances lais that share very close plot lines. Instead of being idealized Chaucers characters are gritty. Instead of being involved in courtly love there is some evidence that the relationship between Alison and Nicholas is one of lust. Chaucers use of the lower class makes the absurdity of what they are doing stand out. In the lais of Marie de France, Guigemare and Yonec, are built on the same archetype which is the same as Chaucers Millers tale uses. Maries lais can give provide a set of ground rules for this archetype. The two lais share several similar elements. They both contain the same three central characters, who possesses fundamental similarities, the same beginning plot line and several of the same themes. Thefirst character shared by the two lais is the storys villain, the aged husband. He is a powerful lord who is much older than his wife. Because he is conscious of this fact, he worries constantly that his wife will betray him, so he locks her up. He is both the least and most important figure in the story. Hes important because without his presence and actions the story could never take place. But he has very little actual interaction with the other two more central characters. The husband in Yonec is never described as meeting either his wife or her lover. In Guigemare the husband, wife and Guigemare are only together when the two lovers are discovered. The figure of the beautiful, imprisoned wife is the second central character. She is the quintessential damsel in distress, beautiful, noble (and with the exception of her one true love) chaste. The third character is the valiant lover who rescues t

Julius Ceasar Essays - Cultural Depictions Of Julius Caesar

Julius Ceasar Essays - Cultural Depictions Of Julius Caesar Julius Ceasar In Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, Decius Brutus and Mark Antony, both Roman Senators, eulogize Julius Caesar, each using a different technique and approach. Brutus, in a somewhat arrogant, to the point, eulogy, attempts to sway the people. He justifies conspiring against Caesar by stating that Caesar's ambition would have hurt Rome. However, in Antony's eulogy, he focuses on Caesar's positive traits, and cunningly disproves Brutus' justification for killing Caesar. The fickle Romans waver between leaders, responding emotionally, rather than intellectually, to the orators. Brutus seeks to explain why he conspired against Caesar. He begins his speech with Romans, countrymen ..., appealing to their consciousness as citizens of Rome, who, he later says, will benefit as freeman with Caesar's death. This shows that Brutus knows how to lure the crowd, appealing to their better judgement as Romans. He declares that he is an honorable man, and tells them that he will let them judge the validity of his claims. That is, he will allow the truth to speak for itself. This encourages the crowd to believe him, as an honorable man. He says that he wants them to know the facts; Censure me in your wisdom, and awake your senses that you may the better judge. Sharing information with the people is flattering and it almost guarantees acceptance. He gets their sympathy by saying that he loved Caesar, daring the people to find anyone who loved Caesar more. Brutus declares that he never wronged Caesar, that he cried for Caesar's love, was happy for his greatness, honored him for his courage, but had to kill him because of Caesar's ambition. He says that the reason for killing Caesar was his great love for Rome. He justifies his actions by saying that he loved Caesar but, Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more. He then asks rhetorically if the people would want to live their lives as slaves under Caesar's rule or would they prefer to live as freemen with Caesar dead. To anyone insulted by his speech he wonders if, as Romans who love their freedom, they could be offended or reject what he, Brutus, says. He poses the question, Who is here so base that would be a bondman? He stresses the point, repeating the line, If any, speak, for him have I offended. I pause for a reply., allows them to respond to his rhetorical questions, giving them an even greater sense that he cares about them and their opinions. They can only respond, None, Brutus, none. That is, none are offended, they do not disagree or argue with his words or his actions. Mark Antony's eulogy utilizes a different approach. He starts out by addressing the crowd as Friends because he wants to come to them as a friend rather than a ruler trying to gain power. He then says, I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him., thus he can ease in praises of Caesar without the crowd stopping him. He sounds very sincere when he says, The noble Brutus hath told you Caesar was ambitious.... For Brutus is an honorable man. He repeats that statement three more times becoming increasingly sarcastic, saying finally, Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and sure he was an honorable man. Since the people responded positively to Brutus' speech, Antony could not insult Brutus' honesty in a direct manner. Yet, Antony disproves Caesar's ambition with three examples. One is when he gave the ransom of captives to the public treasury and not his own, another when he cried with the poor people, and finally when he refused the kingship that Antony offered him, three times. Anyone who was ambitious would never have done any such things. Antony says, I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke. , but that is exactly what he does. Antony is using a dramatic effect on the people, first by entering on the stage with the body of Caesar, and at the end stating that his heart is still with the body of Caesar, ending his speech weeping. In justifying Caesar and disproving Brutus, the people see Antony as a potential successor to Caesar. They are swayed to him by his dramatics, his underhanded way of making a point, his repetition, and compelling proof of Caesar's concern. He is able to get the people to question the rightness of killing Caesar. He has planted doubt in the people's minds, in all areas except that he, Antony, is, poor soul, an honorable. The difference between the eulogies shows us the importance of style of speech. Both try to appeal to the people, and both use repetition, but

A Look At Johannes Itten English Literature Essay

A Look At Johannes Itten English Literature Essay The Bauhaus art connoisseur that I chose as a subject to study is Johannes Itten. He was a visionary color and art theorist who developed color wheel and stars which are widely studied by art students. He also delved into spiritual and psychological aspect of color. I feel deeply connected to his work as the first step towards understanding art is to understand color. I feel Johannes Itten’s simplistic approach towards embracing color and portraying his sensitivity in his artwork is quite palpable and that is the reason I feel the need to learn more about his artwork and color theories. Where are they located? When were they born? What was the world like when they were working? Johannes Itten was born on 11th Nov, 1888 in SÃ ¼dern-Lindern, Switzerland in a school teacher’s family. After realizing his passion for Arts he moved to Vienna for art studies in 1916 and then moved to Weimar in 1919 to teach in the Bauhaus. It was a competitive world when Johannes Itten lived . Europe was war trodden and people laid more emphasis on wages and savings then cultivating artistic aptitude. Although Johannes Itten somehow escaped the horrors of war, most of the artist, painters, architect during that period had to forcibly enrol in the war. In the art world people were sceptic of new ideas and that was one of the main reasons of his expulsion from the Bauhaus. Art and craft was thriving in that period and graphic designing grew bold with experiments in typography, calligraphy and photography etc which led to a sudden interest in graphic designing. Did they go to school? Where? What did they study? Since Johannes Itten was a teacher’s son he trained as a primary school teacher to pursue a career in the field. Itten however realized that teaching primary school was not his thing and that he has predilection for color and arts. Under parental pressure he decided to take Diploma in mathematics and science to teach at a secondary school, but not before taki ng a semester at Geneva Ecole des Beaux – Arts in Genf. It was after studying there that he realized his inclination towards arts. He then studied under Adolf HÃ ¶lzel in Stuttgart. After finishing his studies he moved to Vienna in 1916 where he met Walter Gropius in 1919 (founder of the Bauhaus) who extended him the invitation to lecture at the Bauhaus in Weimar. In 1926, however, after falling out with Gropius Walter, Johannes Itten established an art school in Berlin to train architects, artists, painters and photographers. From 1932 to 1938 Itten taught at the Krefeld School of Textile Design, where he edified industrial designers. He became the director of the Museum and Institute of Arts and Crafts in Zurich before retiring in 1955. Having being fully dedicated to the teaching institutes Itten never found much time to devote to his own creations until 1955, after retirement however he became more prolific then before. He died in Zurich in 1967. Can you define the desig ner’s philosophy in his/her work (i.e. did they follow or create a certain movement?) What type of work did they do?

Global Trade Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Trade Operations - Essay Example International trade has also played a pivotal role in offering economic growth in the countries involved. International trade has also helped countries to reduce their manufacturing costs. For instance, a country can concentrate on what it produces efficiently and effectively. The countries specialize on the field where their absolute advantage lies. This case involves international trade between two countries that are located in different parts of the world. Both countries are different but they are linked together by trade. Background; Trade between CHINA and UK China and UK have enjoyed productive trade relations for a long time. Statistics reveal that trade between the two countries is increasing significantly. In 2009, UK – China bilateral trade in goods was more than $ 201.16 billion. The value is expected to increase significantly in the future. More than 56 Chinese companies have also been listed in the London Stock Exchange. In 2009, UK, imports from China was $ 15.97 billion. Desired Incoterms In 2000, International Chamber of Commercial Terms issued International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) that are now adopted in international trade throughout the world. The Incoterms that are basically used by these traders is the Free on Board (FOB). In this case, the seller is required to deliver the goods to a carrier identified by the buyer. For FOB, the seller delivers the goods after which they are cleared for export (Grath 2008). Importing from China While importing from China, an importer is supposed to create a relationship with the supplier. After establishing a relationship, an individual or organization is required to confirm the terms of trade between the two countries. After confirmation of the trade terms, the parties then agree on the terms of payments. This is followed by approval of samples. Finally, an order is placed in writing after which the freight forwarder is appointed (Grath 2008). In 2008, China exports to UK were $36.07 million. These statistics reveal that there is a strong trade relationship between China and United Kingdom. Exporting to China Exporting from China is almost similar to the importing process. The first step is for the exporter to develop a relationship with the buyer. Then, the two confirm the terms of trade which applies for the two countries. The two parties are then required to agree on the conditions of payment. This involves the deposit balances well as receipts of goods. It is also, important to have samples approved before receiving an order with the new buyer. This should be in writing. The order should indicate the exact order and the terms of trade. Regulations guiding trade in EU and non- EU countries Although the international trade has opened new markets for many companies, it has some complications. For example, trading between EU and non EU member is crucial bearing in mind that the two regions may have different regulations. In this case, the trading companies are required t o adhere to the jurisdiction within the region where the trade is taking place. Some restrictions are unhealthy since they undermine the ability of companies to export freely. The regulations within the EU regions favour the trade between the member states. It promotes free movement of goods and services between the members. The member states are required to withdraw all restrictions to the member states. Therefore, all businesses in the member states can easily

Biomedical engineering and IT coordination Essay

Biomedical engineering and IT coordination - Essay Example However, there was confusion on how to manage these devices. This is why Cabrai and Stankiewicz the head of NEHS clinical engineering group decided to give a new approach to the CE-IT overlap. They called for a summit that gave birth to the agreement that today acts as the model for VA hospitals across the United States. This change led to reduced support costs and brought forward a consistent level of skills and leadership in clinical engineering across all hospitals. It also led to the creation of a unified team that works efficiently with other programs in the VA. The MOU signed by IT, network directors and CE executives provided a framework for the establishment of a cooperative and productive working relationship between the two departments. Cabrai says that the review board was created because they wouldn’t include everything in the MOU. Stankiewicz on his part says that the MOU is reviewed annually during the summits in order to make the necessary changes so that it remains relevant. The operations within the medical centers have been made easier because of this agreement as it offers the guidelines on how to handle different

National culture and management style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

National culture and management style - Essay Example It has been recognised that the managers as well as the employees in distinct cultures tend to introduce the codes of behavior as well as norms related to their own cultures in their workplace. The organisational processes as well as the managerial practices tend to be shaped with the assistance of these norms as cultural values. It is because of these reasons the organisation tends to implement numerous management practices. The national cultural values are discovered quickly, held quite deeply and can be altered slowly over the period of generation (ITAP International, 2012). Cultural participation is quite higher among certain groups of United Kingdom. The rate of participation tends to be quite higher among those in the upper socio economic groups along with the least deprived areas of England. The structure of involvement with the culture as well as sports alters widely in terms of region, there are few regional trends. It has been noted that in the North East of the UK there has been rise in the amount of people visiting museums, archives, galleries and heritage sites. However, the ratio of people visiting libraries remained steady. The phenomenon took place alongside an extensive fall in library visits in most of the other regions (National Statistics, 2011). It was since January to December 2010, nearly 34.8 per cent of the adults had involved themselves in culture digitally which had risen from 2008/2009. By the term ‘digital participation’ it can be comprehended as visiting a museum or gallery, theatre or concert, library or records w ebsites of offices for any purpose except buying tickets (National Statistics, 2011). Furthermore, it was observed that from January to December 2010, 72.4 percent of those who were between 16 to 24 years old had been observed to perform active sports, and this statistics had fallen from 2005/2006 (National Statist

Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet as medical professional (Nurse) Essay

Shakespeare's Prince Hamlet as medical professional (Nurse) - Essay Example To illustrate this point, several attributes of a good nurse will be discussed and then applied to a well-known fictional character, Shakespeare’s Prince Hamlet, to conjecture whether this character would have made an effective nurse. Nurses are often the first and most frequent care-giver of a person in need of medical services. Because everyone living will need medical services at some point or another, nurses must be dedicated to providing them while respecting the rights of all people to be treated with dignity and respect. â€Å"Nurses must respect the rights of all people regardless of age, race, social status, sexual orientation and religious beliefs. Nurses demonstrate unbiased compassion for all† (â€Å"Is Nursing Right†, 2000). In this respect, Hamlet would not make an effective nurse as there are several instances within the play where he is not able to display unbiased opinions or respect for others. He demonstrates outright disdain for Polonius, openly accusing him of being false, shows disgust for his uncle and chastises his mother for her actions. His anger at his mother carries over into his treatment of Ophelia as well, causing him to accuse her of thoughts and intentions sheâ€℠¢d never dreamed of. This is deemed a very important characteristic for a nurse to have as there is no avoiding the need to treat all individuals requiring medical assistance and Hamlet’s inability to overcome his rage, however justified, would be a difficult trait to overcome. Another characteristic of a good nurse is a willingness to learn. More than simply being willing to put in the extra training and hard work necessary to pass mandatory nursing certification tests, â€Å"Nurses are motivated to keep up with trends and research in the profession and to value life-long learning† (â€Å"Is Nursing Right†, 2000). This is a trait that Hamlet possesses. He is back in Denmark after having been away to study, called to return to his

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us Essay

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us about past lifestyles - Essay Example To effectively study the past human lifestyle, archeologists examine human remains of ancient societies and this where the human skeletons comes handy. Such human materials such as the skeletons, food remains, wrecks of buildings, and human artifacts help the archeologists to rebuild the human past lifestyle. All the information recorded about the human materials such as the human skeletons are referred to as archeological records. These records comprise of all the humans occupying the areas of interest and the remains of human material in those areas. These records are used for study through laboratory examinations of the materials and excavations and field studies. Archeologists have to excavate human graveyards and get the human skeleton to their study stations for the development of their research on the human past lifestyle. The skeletons excavated are an important source of information about the human past lifestyle. The previous and medieval burials are generally unspecified. However, they give important information on average human being that is otherwise uncommon in historical findings. They are in information about the past beliefs, handling of the dead and ritual behavior. Skeletons can provide relevant kinds of information for one to study the past human lifestyle. As a result of this fact, the archeologists have to first of all examine the physical vestiges of real people. Study of the human skeleton gives a new dimension of the human past life such as their health, and the form of their population which constitutes to their lifestyle. To study the past human lifestyle, the fundamental requirements by the archeologists include; the sex and age composition of the population, the ailments of the past, the common strains and stresses of daily life, and the appearance and physical size. Skeletons help archeologists in their study about the past human life by giving hints or actual age information about the fossils. It is not a reliable and valid method to determine age just by the size of the skeleton. Skeletons can give age information by studying the trimmings of long bones and other sections of the bones separated in the children’s skeleton. The detachments give room for the bone to grow. The separated bones, called epiphyses, all combine at distinct ages. The phase of bones combining is used by the archeologists to age an adolescent. Skeletons also provide the relevant information on age by studying the teeth system. Permanent molar grows at the age of six. However, studying the ageing skeletons to give age information is more challenging. Such information provided by the skeletons is helpful in providing information on the different diets eaten by the people in the past. From a closer look of the tooth wear in the skeletons, one can understand the kinds of foods by the past people and this closely gives the researcher the lifestyle lived by the past people. The archeologists then classify the skeletons into three pre- established categories namely; old, middle age, and young. Such information is vital in studying the different past human lifestyle according to the various age class that existed in the past age class. Another important type of information the human skeleton can provide for a comprehensive study of the past human lifestyle is the information on sex. It is challenging to use the skeletons to determine the sex of a child that had not reached the puberty stage. To easily determine the sex of an adult, archeologists look at the pelvis having in mind that, women have bowl-shaped and wide pelvis while that of men is narrow and tall. By looking at such differences in the skeletons, relevant informat

National culture and management style Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

National culture and management style - Essay Example It has been recognised that the managers as well as the employees in distinct cultures tend to introduce the codes of behavior as well as norms related to their own cultures in their workplace. The organisational processes as well as the managerial practices tend to be shaped with the assistance of these norms as cultural values. It is because of these reasons the organisation tends to implement numerous management practices. The national cultural values are discovered quickly, held quite deeply and can be altered slowly over the period of generation (ITAP International, 2012). Cultural participation is quite higher among certain groups of United Kingdom. The rate of participation tends to be quite higher among those in the upper socio economic groups along with the least deprived areas of England. The structure of involvement with the culture as well as sports alters widely in terms of region, there are few regional trends. It has been noted that in the North East of the UK there has been rise in the amount of people visiting museums, archives, galleries and heritage sites. However, the ratio of people visiting libraries remained steady. The phenomenon took place alongside an extensive fall in library visits in most of the other regions (National Statistics, 2011). It was since January to December 2010, nearly 34.8 per cent of the adults had involved themselves in culture digitally which had risen from 2008/2009. By the term ‘digital participation’ it can be comprehended as visiting a museum or gallery, theatre or concert, library or records w ebsites of offices for any purpose except buying tickets (National Statistics, 2011). Furthermore, it was observed that from January to December 2010, 72.4 percent of those who were between 16 to 24 years old had been observed to perform active sports, and this statistics had fallen from 2005/2006 (National Statist

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us Essay

Human skeleton. What kinds of information can human skeletons give us about past lifestyles - Essay Example To effectively study the past human lifestyle, archeologists examine human remains of ancient societies and this where the human skeletons comes handy. Such human materials such as the skeletons, food remains, wrecks of buildings, and human artifacts help the archeologists to rebuild the human past lifestyle. All the information recorded about the human materials such as the human skeletons are referred to as archeological records. These records comprise of all the humans occupying the areas of interest and the remains of human material in those areas. These records are used for study through laboratory examinations of the materials and excavations and field studies. Archeologists have to excavate human graveyards and get the human skeleton to their study stations for the development of their research on the human past lifestyle. The skeletons excavated are an important source of information about the human past lifestyle. The previous and medieval burials are generally unspecified. However, they give important information on average human being that is otherwise uncommon in historical findings. They are in information about the past beliefs, handling of the dead and ritual behavior. Skeletons can provide relevant kinds of information for one to study the past human lifestyle. As a result of this fact, the archeologists have to first of all examine the physical vestiges of real people. Study of the human skeleton gives a new dimension of the human past life such as their health, and the form of their population which constitutes to their lifestyle. To study the past human lifestyle, the fundamental requirements by the archeologists include; the sex and age composition of the population, the ailments of the past, the common strains and stresses of daily life, and the appearance and physical size. Skeletons help archeologists in their study about the past human life by giving hints or actual age information about the fossils. It is not a reliable and valid method to determine age just by the size of the skeleton. Skeletons can give age information by studying the trimmings of long bones and other sections of the bones separated in the children’s skeleton. The detachments give room for the bone to grow. The separated bones, called epiphyses, all combine at distinct ages. The phase of bones combining is used by the archeologists to age an adolescent. Skeletons also provide the relevant information on age by studying the teeth system. Permanent molar grows at the age of six. However, studying the ageing skeletons to give age information is more challenging. Such information provided by the skeletons is helpful in providing information on the different diets eaten by the people in the past. From a closer look of the tooth wear in the skeletons, one can understand the kinds of foods by the past people and this closely gives the researcher the lifestyle lived by the past people. The archeologists then classify the skeletons into three pre- established categories namely; old, middle age, and young. Such information is vital in studying the different past human lifestyle according to the various age class that existed in the past age class. Another important type of information the human skeleton can provide for a comprehensive study of the past human lifestyle is the information on sex. It is challenging to use the skeletons to determine the sex of a child that had not reached the puberty stage. To easily determine the sex of an adult, archeologists look at the pelvis having in mind that, women have bowl-shaped and wide pelvis while that of men is narrow and tall. By looking at such differences in the skeletons, relevant informat

Is evil really the nature of mankind Essay Example for Free

Is evil really the nature of mankind Essay Is evil really the nature of mankind? Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Man is assumed to have morals. Morality can be defined as the ability to come up with ruled and adhere to them to the letter coupled with the ability to discern right from wrong. This raises the question whether man does wrong on purpose. Is man born evil in nature? People will go to great lengths just to fulfill their personal desires even if it goes against all morality. This essay seeks to show the depravity of man as epitomized in the allegory Young Goodman Brown.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The allegorical tale was set in the Puritan setting of the early 17th century. The writer sought to expose human depravity through the main character. Human beings hide behind masks to cover up their tracks. In modern day society people engage in all sorts of activities and use their positions, family legacy and upbringing as cover up. Goodman is a symbolic representation of this. He embarks on a journey to the witches’ meeting while he proclaims an upbringing that condemns such acts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The choice of diction, characters and colloquial expressions such as Faith and Young Goodman explicitly exemplify the paradoxical nature of man. During the setting of the novel, the Salem trials in which witches were executed were taking place. Man engages in practices that are biblically and morally evil. The minister, Deacon Gooking and Goody Cloyse are all involved in the cult. This exposes man’s folly evil nature since even those who are perceived as the righteous in society engage in questionable practices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The story explicitly exposes follies in society. It is also a means in which the writer sympathizes with the beliefs and society in the Puritan religion. The church elders in the community take part in witchcraft. The story is arguably one of the best since it ridicules as well as exposes the evil nature of man. References Hawthorne, Nathaniel. Young Goodman Brown. Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Library, 1996. Source document

Getting it Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) policy

Getting it Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) policy Social Work as a profession is heavily influenced by political rhetoric and ideology albeit there has been a shift in governmental philosophy from the beginnings of the profession. Due to Neo-Liberal ideas commonly adopted by the main political parties in the United Kingdom, social work services are beginning to be based on free market principles. Social work and social care services have seen an increase in privatised quasi markets. The role of the social worker in all of this is one that can be contested and is certainly not static; it is a profession that I believe should attempt to be diverse and fluid. The aim of this essay is, to discuss too what extent there is a social work role beyond ‘the rationing of scarce services and managing of poor people’ (Ferguson and Lavalette 2013:108) This will be achieved by looking the Getting it Right for Every Child (GIRFEC) policy and what it means for social workers in a statutory children’s and families team before draw ing a conclusion. I intend to highlight the importance of early intervention as laid out in GIRFEC and what this means for social workers. GIRFEC also emphasises the importance of joint up working and I intend to highlight some of the failings of this and the tensions this creates for social workers on the front line. Finally, I will look at how GIRFEC is being put into practice by drawing on research from the Institute of Research and Innovation in Social Services (IRISS); Changing how we work: a case study in East Lothian. Firstly, however it is important to briefly explore the beginnings of policy implementation and how todays austerity measures effect policy being put into practice. Social work services go back over one hundred and fifty years but it was during the late 1960s that it became apparent that a framework of legislation was needed. This resulted in the Social Work (Scotland) Act 1968. The Kilbrandon report 1964 was a major driver in this act along with the white paper Social Work and the Community 1966. The Kilbrandon report called for the introduction of children’s hearings and ‘introduced a new way of dealing with what were described as children who were in need of compulsory care’. (Fabb and Guthrie 2007:150) Smith and White (2008:21) add that ‘the thinking of the Kilbrandon Committee was strongly educational, reflecting longstanding views that social wellbeing and social cohesion through education should be the ambition of the system.’ The Kilbrandon report is still one of the most significant policies in relation to social work practice. Ferguson and Lavalette (2013) highlight how austerity measures and welfare reform mixed with the marketization of social work services is impacting on the social work task. Neoliberalism is an ideology now adopted by the main political parties in the United Kingdom and is a take on classic liberal beliefs such as ‘free trade and the free market’ (Hoffman and Graham 2009:) Neo-liberal theorists believe that the role of welfare should not lie with the state and they ‘question the need for the majority of publically funded, state delivered, or state regulated institutions that, taken together, comprise a welfare state.’ (Ellison 2012:) This can be seen in society today in many ways, for example, with the introduction of universal credit and benefit capping both making an attempt to reduce welfare costs. This could also explain the ever growing involvement and use of the voluntary or third sector in social work services. GIRFEC: The aims of the policy GIRFEC was introduced by the Scottish Government in 2008 in an attempt to improve the way in which work is undertaken by professionals working with children and their families. The policy was developed after a string of recommendations and reports surrounding child protection, one of which being It’s everyone’s job to make sure I’m alright Report of the Child Protection Audit and Review(2002: 1) which highlighted the importance of ‘a Scotland in which every child matters’. Another significant report was my turn to talk? (Scottish Executive 2006:), which highlighted that ‘child-related professionals and decision makers across Scotland have both moral and legal obligations to encourage and support children’s participation.’ I believe that this push for child participation will in turn promote active citizenship for children. From these reports and others it was clear that new policy guidance was necessary and so GIRFEC was adopted. GIRFEC aims to co-ordinate the services’ children receive as well as managing the consistency in the delivery of these services. The Scottish Governments guide to getting it right for every child (2012:6) states that ‘it is the bedrock for all children’s services’. Putting the child at the centre of the services they receive is high on the agenda throughout and the policy puts a high emphasis on multi-agency working and the importance of early intervention. The policy was created in respect to ten core components and has a strong set of values that were developed from the Children’s Charter 2004 which ‘reflects the voice of children and young people and what they feel they need, and should be able to expect, when they have problems or are in difficulty and need to be protected.’ (Scottish Government 2004) The wellbeing wheel, my world triangle and resilience matrix, together known as the National practice model, are assessment tools used within GIRFEC to effectively manage and analyse the information required for a child’s plan. The wellbeing wheel consists of eight indicators of wellbeing that ‘are the basic requirements for all children and young people to grow and develop’ (Scottish Government 2012:10). These are: Safe, Healthy, Achieving, Nurtured, Active, Respected, Responsible and Included. (SHANARRI). Deep rooted in this, is the four competences from the Curriculum of Excellence: a successful learner, a confident individual, a responsible citizen and an effective contributor. I consider the combination of well-being and the curriculum for excellence to be a strong indicator for the push for multi-agency work that is evident throughout the policy. GIRFEC: A drive for early intervention and multi-agency working and the tensions these bring. Early intervention is one of the key themes running throughout the policy. The Changing Lives Report of the 21st Century Social Worker Review illustrates a four tiered approach to early intervention, incorporating the social workers role. (Scottish Government 2006:31). It stresses how social workers are involved in the early stages of intervention and how as crisis situations develop, other universal services step back. I wonder how involved we really are at tiers 1 and 2 and believe this will vary between local authorities. The Scottish Government(2006:31) state that, ‘social workers have a significant contribution to make at tiers 1 and 2, supporting and informing the delivery of services both within social work and across partner agencies.’ However, McGhee and Waterhouse (2011:1097) contradict this by arguing that: ‘for social work, early intervention has taken on a different meaning from that at tiers 1 and 2 †¦ early intervention begins at tier 3 and concerns individuals who already present significant vulnerability and risk and who are beyond the remit and capacity of universal services.’ This points out that early intervention may frequently be the responsibility of health professionals and education. However, early intervention at tiers 1 and 2 is perhaps what social work should be about it with its professional values pushing towards social justice. The Highland ‘s children services practice guidance (2013:11) ‘emphasises the critical part played by health and education services in supporting the development of all children. Difficulties or concerns are identified at an early stage and steps taken to ensure that additional help is available when needed. Help is given as quickly as possible and in consultation with children and their families.’ This backs up what McGhee and Waterhouse argue early intervention is like for social workers; their idea that social workers are not involved at tier 1 and 2. Another Key theme to shape GIRFEC is that of the importance of multi-agency working. Although GIRFEC calls for a push towards a better system of multi-agency working it is not something that is new to the literature. (Wilson et al 2011) Multi-agency became high on the political agenda after the death of Victoria Climbie who ‘was slowly tortured to death despite the involvement of four social service departments, three police child protection teams, health agencies and voluntary agencies.’ (Marinetto 2011:1164) An inquiry into Victoria’s death highlighted the breakdown between professional organisations and called for better co-ordination between services and organisations. With the importance of professionals working together and sharing information stressed here it is no wonder that it is such a key feature in policy documents. The principle behind multi-agency working sounds simple; ‘professionals with different backgrounds, from different intellectual dis ciplines and with different roles work together to provide care and support to service users and people around them.’ (Payne 2007:146) However, for social workers there are tensions to be considered. Atkinson et al (2005) looks at research carried out into multi-agency working and highlights eight challenges; fiscal resources, roles and responsibilities, competing priorities, non-fiscal resources, communication, professional and agency cultures, management and training opportunities. Some of the problems identified within these areas were that there was no financial support and many workers did not know what was being asked of their individual role between them and the rest of the multi-agency team. There were often different primacies amongst the different professions leading to conflict. As a social worker it is imperative that I aim to overcome these tensions and difficulties. In regards to GIRFEC, I expect that the introduction of the named person will help coordinate the multi-agency approach although lack of funding and resources is something that is always going to be a threat to the smooth running of a statu tory children and families team attempting to work alongside other professionals under the GIRFEC framework. The Audit Commission (2009:3) states that ‘Effective joint workingneeds active leadership and purposeful relationship management.’ The report highlights how working together in multi-agency teams is not without risk and that difficulties can arise if the agencies have not developed effective relationships. Strong leadership seems to be a key theme throughout the literature. The Scottish Government (2010) states that ‘Partnership working requires leadership at all levels and across services. In order to make partnership working effective, leadership needs to be the responsibility of everyone.’ If this is adopted and everyone is clear on what their roles and responsibilities are it should enable an effective way of working. How can we implement GIRFEC into practice? In October 2012, IRISS worked alongside East Lothian Council to enable them to implement GIRFEC. The sub group working together involved social workers, police, child protection, the third sector, education and health. Collins (2013:) states that she had ‘initially conceptualised this project as a means to help an organisation reflect on and improve their use of evidence, however, as the project progressed it became evident that the lessons really centred around how a multi-disciplinary team can learn to work together well and change the way they work.’ So here we have a positive example promoting the practice of multi-agency working, however, arriving at this conclusion was not easy. The study points out that in the beginnings people were reluctant to the prospect of the group – ‘We don’t even have the same beliefs.’ (Collins 2013:5) The next problem to address was that when it came down to it, people didn’t fully understand the best way to comprehend GIRFEC- ‘The problem is interpretation of GIRFEC. Some people are putting ‘safe’ at the top of the pyramid. But safe is not the only thing. It doesn’t have to be the most important.’ (Collins 2013:7) These difficulties are only to name a few, but as the group moved onward planning strategies were implemented, based comprehensively on reflection which the group named ‘the action research cycle’ (Collins 2013:16), with successful results. Conclusion Going back to Ferguson and Lavalettes quote, it would be ethically undermining to say that social work is about rationing limited resources and welfare management and that the GIRFEC policy aims to tackle every aspect of a child’s well-being with a multi-agency approach. Although as previously highlighted, the importance of multi-agency working is not new to the literature, within GIRFEC there is a drive for a more effective method in which universal services can work together in partnership with a thrust towards early intervention, although it may be argued that social workers are being locked of this. To an extent, I agree with this and believe that austerity measures are influencing this and together with welfare reforms and an ever growing number of families living in poverty then at present social workers roles may be changing but I am uncertain at present as to say to what extent. What I am certain of is that the service users within a statutory children’s and fam ilies team will be effected whether it be through the ever increasing cost of living and proportion of them relying on low income wages or through local authorities having to cut funding to specialised services and protects.

How Divorce Effects Kids Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If two people love each other enough to get married, and together choose to form a lifelong commitment, why are so many of these marriages ending? What does marriage mean to people nowadays and why do people decide to get married? Records show us that people have been getting married for as long as the earliest recorded history. There are many benefits for couples who have a successful marriage. When a marriage begins to fail it is usually due to a couple's inability to communicate, lack of a common goal, or a trust vs. mistrust issue; therefore, more so than not, these types of situations will ultimately result in a divorce. The most frequently asked question over the last two decades has been, â€Å"Does divorce effect children and how so?† Studies have shown that divorce affects children in many ways: affects their self-esteem, feels as thought they "lose" a parent, and takes away their sense of family. The divorce rate has quadrupled from 4.3 million in 1970 to 18.3 million in 1996 (quoted form census bureau’s release about its marital status and living arrangements). "The number of children living with both parents declined from 85 to 68 percent between 1970 and 1996. The proportion of children living with one parent has grown from 12 percent to 28 percent during this same time span (Quoted from Census Bureau's release about its report on marital status and living arrangements)". A person's first marriage, if it were to end in divorce, will most likely end in the firs...

Billiards :: essays research papers

Billiards The history of billiards begins in the fourteenth century. The game was invented in Europe, but there was a conflict as to what country. The French believed that the English invented the game, but at the same time, the English thought the French did. In the end, a French billiards specialist found evidence that the game originated in France about the fourteenth century. The word "billiard" is derived from two French words, "billiart" and "bille". These two words mean "stick" and "ball". Put them together, and you get stick-ball or pool as it's called these days. At first the game was played outside, but during the winter it got too cold so the game was moved inside onto large tables. After a couple of years, green cloth was installed on the bed of the table to make an illusion of the grass outside. The sticks used at the time were large, and men used slightlycurved sticks while the women used straight, narrow ones. The sticks weren't used as they are today to hit the ball but rather to push the balls around the table, similar to the game of shuffle board. As the game got more popular, as it is today, the sticks got narrower and easier to use (Billiards, http). A few games today are similar to billiards, such as shuffleboard, and the same equipment - stick and balls. One of the most important tools to playing any game of this type is the table. In the fourteenth century, the length of the tables was much longer than today becuase they were used instead of playing outside. Today the sized of the tables varies all over the worl. The dimensions range anywhere from nine by four and a half feet to ten by five feet (â€Å"Billiards,† Colliers). Another tool used to play the game is the cue stick. The cue srick weighs in a range of twelve to twenty-two ounces, and the straighter the cue, the better. At the end of the cue is a leather tip, which is used to hit the ball with great accuracy. If the stick were to hit the ball with the leather tip chalked, then a better shot would be made rather than one without the chalked end. As most people now know, the chalk is used to give a better shot. The chalk is a blue color and comes in a little square inch type cube. Another item needed to play a game of billiards is the balls, fifteen object balls and one cue ball. The cue ball is the only ball that is to be hit

Religion and Guatemala

Guatemala Culture Holidays: Guatemala is a land of predominantly small area festivals and larger national holidays, many of which are rooted in religious traditions. Mayan religions and traditions continue to remain strong within the indigenous population and are often intertwined with Catholic tendencies. Many of Guatemala's towns have a representative â€Å"Cofradia†, which is a town-elected group of men and women who are responsible for caring for the religious icons that represent the saints of their respective village.This tradition shows the melding of Catholicism and traditional Mayan religious practices. Traditional dances also often display a mix of Mayan tradition and the Iberian and Moorish influences that date back to the arrival of the Spanish colonists. Along Guatemala's eastern shore, the African roots of the Garifuna people tend to make their way into the traditional dances that characterize their holidays and fiestas. Some national holidays in Guatemala are li ke those of North America, only with different celebrations. New Years Day is celebrated most commonly by wearing new clothes in the hopes that this will bring luck into the New Year.One of the more celebrated national Guatemala holidays is Independence Day, which falls on September 15. The whole country embraces this celebration with dances, the customary fireworks, and parades. Leading up to Christmas, you can find the town fair in Chichicastenango to be a fun affair. Traditional music and dances help to celebrate the coming holiday season. Quite like you would expect in the United States, many of the national and religious holidays often result in the closing of government agencies, as well as banks and schools. The king of all Holidays in Guatemala is Semana Santa, or Holy Week.Celebrated throughout Latin America, Semana Santa is a collection of religious processions and plays that depict the Crucifixion and subsequent Resurrection of Jesus. Food: Generally, the food in Guatemal a reflects that of its large northern neighbor, Mexico. Other influences on Guatemalan food include Spanish, Indian and French tastes. The restaurants in Guatemala City offer the widest variety of tastes. The restaurants in Guatemala City offer the widest variety of tastes, and you can expect to find especially exotic fare at the Guatemala cities that attract the most visitors.These cities include Quetzaltenango, Antigua and Panajachel. The main staple of Guatemalan food is corn, or maize. Corn is most often eaten in the form of tortillas, while tamales and corn on the cob are quite prevalent as well. Black beans are almost always on the menu, and together with corn, they generally characterize the base of the Maya diet. Eaten both whole and refried, beans are consumed at lunch and dinner and often find their way onto the breakfast plate. Other popular native dishes you can find among the food in Guatemala include Chiles Rellenos and Chicken Pepian.Chiles Rellenos consist of stuffed chili peppers, which generally are filled with chicken, cheese and rice. You can also find chiles either pickled or as part of a number of salsas, though be forewarned that they can be quite hot and spicy. Traditionally, the common breakfast in Guatemala is made up of eggs, tortillas, beans and coffee. The main meal in Guatemala is lunch, and at many Guatemala restaurants the comida del dia (food of the day) is the most economical way to go. This meal of the day typically includes soup, tortillas, roast chicken, beans, rice and a drink.Dinner is usually a lighter meal than lunch tends to be. North American fast-food restaurants can be found in the more populated cities of Guatemala and Guatemalan natives appear to be taking an ever-growing liking to hamburgers, pizza, pasta and Chinese food. For fine dining spots, head for the restaurants in Guatemala City that can be found in the New City. The upscale New City's Zona Viva (Zone 10) has some of the most tempting Guatemala restauran ts you will find. Music: The music of Guatemala is diverse.Guatemala's national instrument is the marimba, an idiophone from the family of the xylophones, which is played all over the country, even in the remotest corners. The Garifuna people of Afro-Caribbean descent, who are spread thinly on the northeastern Caribbean coast, have their own distinct varieties of popular and folk music. Cumbia, from the Colombian variety, is also very popular especially among the lower classes. Dozens of Rock bands have emerged in the last two decades, making rock music quite popular among young people. Guatemala also has an almost five-century-old tradition of art music introduced in 1524 to contemporary art music.Much of the music composed in Guatemala from the 16th century to the 19th century has only recently been unearthed by scholars and is being revived by performers. Clothing:Weaving Clothing Typical Indian Clothing There is a variety of clothing found in Guatemala. The two main types are we sternized or American clothing and traditional Indian clothing. The different types of clothing represent different cultural aspects to the Guatemalan people. Westernized clothing is a symbol of the desire to be more modern, wealthy, and educated. Indian clothing is symbolic of Guatemalan heritage, ancestry, and tradition.The Indians represent their tribe by the clothes that they wear each tribe having different colored clothing. Blouse and Skirt: ( Huipil blouse) The traditional women's blouse, or huipil, is especially detailed in design, and the construction of a single one can take a woman between one and three months to complete, working for hours each day. Little girls begin learning the difficult skill of weaving at a young age. Men wear a common white shirt, but will often wear brilliantly colored pantalones (pants) and a chaqueta (jacket). Little girls and boys wear a small version of the same style of clothing.

Investigating the Volume of a Drop Essay

Criteria: – Planning (a) – Planning (b) – Data Collection – Data Processing and Presentation – Conclusion and evaluation Laura Hu Lab Partner: Tu Tai Kuong Started January 20, 07 Completed January 27, 07 5 pages + raw data Planning (a) and (b) Objective: To accurately measure the volume of a drop of water and saturated salt water under two set temperatures. Hypothesis: Since the mass of a substance changes as the temperature changes, we believe that the volume of a liquid would change as temperature changes. This is because we know that density is equal to mass divided by volume. Density is different depending on its temperature and mass is constant. Therefore, with a difference in temperature, there will be a difference in volume. The second thing we predict is that salt water will have a smaller volume per drop than water. This is because the density of salt water and the mass of salt water will be greater than normal water due to the added salt in the water. This will make it heavier than regular water.. Independent Variables: Forces affecting the drop as it is about to come down (gravity and shaking of hand) Where to drop lands (may land on the sides of the beaker, making the drop stick to the sides instead of dropping to the bottom) Water evaporation Atmospheric pressure Dropping device type (diameter of the place where the drop will come out) Height from which the droplet will be dropped (prevent splashing) Saturation of salt water Number of drops that will be tested Loss or increase in heat while conducting the experiment Dependent Variables: Temperature of the liquids The type of liquid Materials: 2 Eye Droppers 2 Thermometers 2 Graduated cylinders (0.5ml increments) Microwave Refrigerator (set at 1 degree Celsius) Paper towels Saturated salt water (table salt dissolved into water at room temperature until it cannot dissolve anymore) Nestle Pure Life natural spring water (bottled water) 4 Styrofoam cups 1 Procedures: 1. Prepare a data table with columns named â€Å"Start volume†, â€Å"End Volume†, â€Å"Difference† and â€Å"Volume per drop†. Example: Start volume End Volume Difference Volume per drop 2. Put bottled water two Styrofoam cups. Take one of the cups and add table salt in it. Mix it until the salt will not dissolve any longer. Put both cups in the fridge. Set the fridge to 1 degree Celsius. Leave them there overnight. 3. The next day, take out the salt water and mix it again to make sure it is saturated. Put the Styrofoam cup containing the salt water into a second Styrofoam cup. 4. Take an eye dropper, fill the eye dropper with salt water 5. Take the graduated cylinder and position it so that the end of the eyedropper is 2cm from the bottom of the graduated cylinder. Record the start volume of the liquid inside the cylinder (0 cm in this case). 6. Slowly drop 10 drops into the cylinder, maintaining a 1 cm distance between the liquid and the end of the eyedropper. Record the volume. Dispose of the remaining water inside the dropper. Fill the dropper again with salt water. Drop 10 drops into the cylinder. Make sure to carefully count every drop! Record the end volumes. 7. Repeat step 5 five times. 8. Clean out the graduated cylinder using tap water, and use paper towels to dry it clean. 9. Put the salt water back into the fridge. 10. Take out the cold water (from the fridge), put it in another Styrofoam cup and repeat what you did in step 5-8. 11. Put the water in the microwave and heat it at high power for 1 minute. 12. Take it out, stir the water, measure the temperature (and write it down) and use the water to do steps 5-8 again. 13. Take the salt water out, microwave it at high power for 1 minute. 14. Repeat what you did in step 12 for the salt water. 15. Clean everything up. Data Collection Attached to the back of the lab. 2 Data Processing and Presentation Difference = End volume – start volume Ex. End volume = 2.11ml, start volume = 2.00ml 2.11ml – 2.00ml = 0.11 ml = difference Volume per drop = Difference / 10 Ex. Difference = 0.11ml 0.11ml/10 = 0.011ml = Volume per drop Cold bottled water at 0.5+ 0.02 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00ml 2.11ml 0.11ml 0.011 ml 2.11 ml 2.29 ml 0.18 ml 0.018 ml 2.29 ml 2.49 ml 0.20 ml 0.020 ml 2.61 ml 2.80 ml 0.19 ml 0.019 ml 2.80 ml 2.98 ml 0.18 ml 0.018 ml Average volume per drop: (0.011+0.018+0.020+0.018) / 5 = 0.0134ml Rounded: 0.013 ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.011ml to 0.015ml Cold saturated salt water at 0.5 + 0.02 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00 ml 2.12 ml 0.12 ml 0.012 ml 2.12 ml 2.30 ml 0.18 ml 0.018 ml 2.30 ml 2.41 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml 2.41 ml 2.60 ml 0.19 ml 0.019 ml 2.60 ml 2.71 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml Average volume per drop: (0.012+0.018+0.011+0.019+0.011) / 5 = 0.0142 ml Rounded: 0.014 ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016ml Warm bottled water at 38 + 0.5 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00 ml 2.11 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml 2.10 ml 2.30 ml 0.20 ml 0.020 ml 2.30 ml 2.45 ml 0.15 ml 0.015 ml 2.45 ml 2.60 ml 0.15 ml 0.015 ml 2.60 ml 2.81 ml 0.21 ml 0.015 ml Average volume per drop: (0.011+0.020+0.015+0.015+0.015) / 5 = 0.0152 ml 3 Rounded: 0.015ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.013ml to 0.017ml Warm saturated salt water at 38 + 0.5 degrees Celsius Star Volume End Volume Difference Volume per Drop 2.00 ml 2.10 ml 0.10 ml 0.010 ml 2.10 ml 2.31 ml 0.21 ml 0.021 ml 2.21 ml 2.34 ml 0.13 ml 0.013 ml 2.34 ml 2.49 ml 0.15 ml 0.015 ml 2.60 ml 2.71 ml 0.11 ml 0.011 ml Average volume per drop: (0.010+0.021+0.013+0.015+0.011) / 5 = 0.014ml Uncertainty: + 0.02 / 10 = + 0.002ml Volume per drop = 0.012ml to 0.016ml Conclusion and Evaluation Our experiment tested two variables (the type of liquid and the temperature) and how they affected the volume of a drop. From our experiment, there is a slight difference between the volume of bottled water and the volume of salt water, so therefore it proves that the volume of a drop is dependant on the type of liquid we use. I also hypothesized that salt water would contain a smaller volume per drop than bottled water. This hypothesis was disproved in the experiment. We found that the volume of a drop of bottled water at 0.5 degrees Celsius is 0.01ml less than the volume of a drop of saturated salt water at 0.5 degrees Celsius. For our experiment, we couldn’t prove that temperature affected the temperature affects the volume of a liquid because the volume of a drop of our bottled water increased by 0.02ml while the volume of a drop of warm saturated salt water remained exactly the same. Quite unexpectantly, we discovered that a drop of bottled water is greater in volume than a drop of salt water after they’re heated up to 38 degrees Celsius. All our data, however is only true IF we disregard the series of lab errors that may have altered the results. Here is the list of lab errors: Lab Errors: 1. Every drop that comes out of the eyedropper is a result of gravity pulling the drop of water out of the eyedropper opening. Because the force of gravity is constant, we can assume that every drop has the same volume, unless there was another force involved. This other force is the shaking of the hand holding the eyedropper. To prevent this, we first planned to tape the eyedropper to a ring stand. This way it would stay motionless so that no other force except gravity would act on every individual drop. Unfortunately, the eyedropper was not long enough to reach far enough into the graduated cylinder, therefore we held the eye dropped ourselves while dropping the liquids. For this reason, the shaking of our hand may have affected the results of our data. 4 2. To prevent liquids from splashing onto the sides of the graduated cylinder, we decided to make every drop 1 cm above the liquid inside the cylinder. This would prevent each drop from making the water splash too much. 3. Since we couldn’t use the ring stand, the drops may have gotten stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder because we couldn’t guarantee that the eyedropper was held vertically over the water. Even if we did make sure it was vertically straight, our hands might have shook, flinging the drop so that it would hit the side. 4. Water evaporation may have occurred when we were performing the lab, so before recording the data for 10 drops, there may have been a little bit of water that had evaporated so each drop is actually slightly bigger than what we had recorded. 5. We are not 100 percent sure that we counted the correct number of drops because there seems to be a few trials that had an unusually large volume compared to the other trials. This may have also been because the water stuck to the sides of the graduated cylinder came down and added to the volume of one trial. 6. Since the graduated cylinder we used only went up in 0.5ml increments, we had to estimate the 0.01ml values. Our data may be off by 0.01 or 0.02ml (thus a + 0.02ml error). 7. Atmospheric pressure affects the results slightly. This is something we cannot control, however we did the entire in a short period of time, so the atmospheric pressure should have been somewhat the same during that period of time. 8. We couldn’t make sure that NO heat would be lost or gained when we took the cold water from out of the fridge or when we took it out of the microwave. We insulated the water with 2 Styrofoam cups, but even that couldn’t make sure that no heat would be gained or lost. Also, water would lose or gain heat as we are dropping each drop, or when it is sitting in the graduated cylinder, waiting to be measured and recorded. For this reason, each drop may be a little bigger or smaller in volume than our recorded values. 9. We tried to control the saltiness of the salt water by making it saturated salt water. To do this, we put much more salt than is needed to saturate the water, into the container. We stirred until no more salt was dissolved, or so it seemed. We couldn’t be absolutely sure that the water was saturated because maybe the salt was just dissolving more slowly, but it was still being dissolved. 10. When we were heating up the water inside salt water, we still had a little bit of salt left on the bottom.. This may have caused a problem because when we wanted saturated water, we wanted it saturated at 0.5 degrees. After we heat the salt water, it wouldn’t be saturated anymore, so more salt would be able to be dissolved into the solution. This means that the salt water after getting heated was slightly saltier than before it was heated.